《嫉羡与感恩》直播稿（二）

2. Klein distinguishes between envy, jealousy and greed, which may be confused in everyday usage. Envy is rooted in a 2 person relationship, and stimulates the impulse to take away and spoil the possession of the other. As Hanna Segal writes “envy is a two-part relation in which the subject envies the object for some possession or quality: no other live object need enter into it.” (1964, p27)

Klein区分了嫉羡、嫉妒和贪婪，这些功能在日常生活中很容易混淆。嫉羡根植于两人关系，刺激着想要夺走和破坏别人的所有物的冲动。如同Hannal Segel写的“嫉羡是两部分的关系，在这个关系里主体嫉羡客体的所有物或品质：没有其他生命体能够进入。”（1964年，27页）

Segal writes that “jealousy is necessarily a whole object relationship, envy is essentially experienced in terms of part objects, though it persists into whole object relationships” (1964, p27)

Segal写到“嫉妒是“完整客体”的关系中必须的，而嫉羡是涉及到部分客体时必要的体验，尽管嫉羡也会进入到完整客体关系中。”（1964年，27页）

Jealousy involves a three person relationship: jealousy is based on love and aims at the possession of the love object and the removal of the rival.  “jealousy is based on envy, but involves a relation to at least two people, it is mainly concerned with love, that the subject feels is his due, and has been taken away, or is in danger of being taken away, from him by his rival,” (Klein 1957, 181)

嫉妒包括三人关系：妒忌的基础是爱，它执着于对所爱的客体的占有，想要除掉竞争者。“妒忌是基础于嫉羡之上的，但是涉及知识两个人以上。主要与爱有关，是主体感觉爱是自己的权利，却被别人抢走了，或者有被竞争者从自己手上抢走的危险。”（Klein,1957,181页）

Greed is compared with envy.  Klein writes “ An impetuous and insatiable craving, exceeding what the subject needs and what the object is willing and able to give. At the Unconscious (Ucs ) level, greed aims primarily at completely scoping out, sucking dry and devouring the breast; that is to say its aim is destructive introjection ; whereas envy not only seeks to rob in this way but also to put badness , primarily bad excrements and bad parts of the self into the mother, and first of all into her breast ,to spoil and destroy her….One essential difference between greed and envy, although no rigid dividing line can be drawn since they are so closely associated, would accordingly be that greed is mainly bound up with introjection and envy with projection” ( Klein 1957, 181)

贪婪也被用来和嫉羡比较。Klein写到“一种鲁莽冲动的、无法满足的渴望，超过自体自己需要的、超过客体愿意及其能够满足的渴望。”在潜意识水平，贪婪是首先完整地、仔仔细细地搜索、吸干、狼吞虎咽地吃光乳房；也就是说毁灭性地内摄；而嫉羡不光是指用这种方式抢劫，而且同时把坏的、首先是坏的分泌物、坏的部分扔给母亲，投进乳房来破坏和摧毁母亲……尽管没有僵硬的一条线来分开贪婪和嫉羡，因为这两者实在是挨得太近了，但它们最基本的区别在于：贪婪主要与内摄有关，而嫉羡却与投射相关。（Klein,1957,181页）

（未完承接中和下)

《嫉羡与感恩》直播稿中英文对照（中）

So , to repeat, Greed aims at the possession of all the goodness that can be extracted from the object, regardless of consequences; this may result in the destruction of the object of the spoiling of its goodness, but in this case, the destruction is incidental to the ruthless acquisition.

再重复一边，贪婪是针对好的所有物的，是不顾后果地想从客体那里拿来；而这可能导致客体因为丧失了“好”而被毁灭，这种毁灭容易发生于这种残忍的获取中。

Envy aims at being as good as the object, but when this is felt is impossible, it aims at spoiling the goodness of the object to remove the source of envious feelings. It is this spoiling aspect of envy that is so destructive to development, since the very source of goodness that the infant depends on is turned bad, and good introjections therefore cannot be achieved.

嫉羡也是针对好客体的，当感觉到不能得到，它会毁坏客体的好来避免嫉羡的（不舒服的）感觉正是嫉羡的这种破坏的方面破坏了发展，因为婴儿依赖的好的资源变成了坏的，好的内摄就不能完成。

Segal writes : Envy though arising from primitive love and admiration has a less strong libidinal component than greed and is suffused with the death instinct. As it attacks the source of life, it may be considered to be the earliest direct externalisation of the death instinct.

Segal 写到：嫉羡从原始的爱与钦佩发生，比贪婪少一些力比多的成分，弥漫着死本能。当它攻击生命的源泉时，它可以被认为是死本能最早的直接外化。

Envy stirs as soon as the infant becomes aware of the breast as a source of life and good experience; the real gratification which he experienced at the breast, reinforced by idealisation, so powerful in early infancy, makes him feel that the breast is the source of all comforts (physical and mental) an inexhaustible reservoir of food and warmth, love, understanding and wisdom.

在意识到乳房是生命和好体验之源时，嫉羡就产生了；他体验到的对乳房的真正的满足，而这又被理想化所增强了。在最早期的小婴儿，这种满足是如此强烈，使婴儿觉得乳房是一切舒适的来源（身心），是永不耗竭的食物、温暖、爱、理解和智慧来源。

The blissful experience of satisfaction which this wonderful object can give,  will increase his love and his desire to possess, preserve  and protect it, but the same experienced stirs in him also the wish to be himself  the source of such perfection; he experiences painful feelings of envy which carry with them the desire to spoil the qualities of the object which can give him such painful feelings.(Segal, page 27-28)

能够被美好的客体满足的极快乐的满意体验，会增加他的爱与占有、持有与保护的渴望，但是同样的体验也会刺激他渴望拥有这种完美；他体验着嫉羡的痛苦的感觉，这种痛苦使他渴望破坏带给他这种痛苦感觉的客体的品质。（Segal，27-18页）

One essential difference between greed and envy, although no rigid dividing line can be drawn since there are so closely associated, would accordingly be that greed is mainly bound up with introjection and envy with projection” ( Klein 1957, 181)

贪婪和嫉羡的一个重要的区别是：尽管没有僵硬的一条线来分开贪婪和嫉羡，因为这两者实在是挨得太近了，但它们最基本的区别在于：贪婪主要与内摄有关，而嫉羡却与投射相关。（Klein,1957,181页）

As has been pointed out by, amongst other authors, Elizabeth Spillius, the terms envy and jealousy often overlap, vary in meaning and have a “large penumbra of associations”. The well-known quote from Shakespeare’s Othello, being a good example.

就认同曾经被指出的那样，在其他许多作者中，Elizabeth Spillius认为嫉羡和妒忌这两个术语常常重叠，意义上不同，有“联系上很大的模糊之处”。引用于Shakespear的奥赛罗，是个好例子。

Envy, jealousy and greed are frequently found in close association . Greedy acquisition, for example, can be a defence against being aware of envy of those who have, or are, what one wishes for oneself. Where envy is strong, jealousy is bound to become stronger and more difficult to overcome.

嫉羡、妒忌和贪婪常常被发现三者之间联系紧密。举个例子，贪婪，可能是对意识到嫉羡那些拥有的人时的防御，或意识到自己渴望成为那样的人时感到嫉羡时的防御。当嫉羡强烈时，妒忌也会很强烈，更难被克服。

3. Psychic consequences of envy.

嫉羡的心理后果

Here we can describe at least seven psychic consequences.

这里我们至少可以描述七种心理后果。

3.1 Interference with primal splitting

干扰原始分裂

The immediate result of an envious spoiling of the good breast is that the essential primal splitting into good and bad is interfered with. The spoiled good object cannot be introjected in a proper sustaining way. The damage caused to the breast by the envy, is also an ucs source of premature guilt, which is then felt in a paranoid way as an external and an internal threat

对好乳房嫉羡性的破坏的即刻结果是：基本的原始分裂成好坏的分裂被干扰了。破坏了的好客体不能以一种合适的维持方式被内摄。被嫉羡导致的对乳房的损伤也是原初的内疚的潜意识来源，会以一种偏执的方式感受为外在和内在的威胁。

3.2 Problems with learning, and

3.3 Confusional states

学习问题和混乱状态

Klein lays particular emphasis on the fact that envy leads to psychic attacks on the goodness of the object, which if unchecked, lead to great difficulty in taking in and learning. As envy leads to attacks on the goodness of the object, it is likely to result in confusion between the object’s goodness and badness which impairs processes of differentiation and of the development of rational thought. Mild manifestations of the confusion caused by envy may be indecision and muddled thinking. Severe state of confusion caused by envy are characteristic of psychotic states as Rosenfeld was later to show. Confusion in a different sense, between internal  and external world, and between self and other, occurs as the result of strong projective identifications in an envious individual.

Klein 强调了那些嫉羡导致对客体“好”（好的部分）的攻击的事实，这些如果没有被检测，会导致吸收和学习的严重困难。因为嫉羡导致对客体”好”的攻击，会导致客体好与恶之间的混淆，这会损害分化的过程以及理性思考发展的过程。嫉羡导致的轻微混乱困难是优柔寡断和糊涂思维。嫉羡导致的严重混淆是Rosenfeld后面提到的精神病状态的特点。

Furthermore, the confusion between the object goodness and badness impairs processes of differentiation and introjection. Curiosity is suffused with hostility and thus felt to be dangerous. All this impairs the capacity for thinking and learning.

进一步，客体好坏之间的混淆损伤了分化与内摄的过程。好奇心弥漫着敌意，感觉到危险。所有这些损害了思考和学习的能力。文章转载自心理学空间