微表情的作用

<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">人类的微表情有何用？<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">《New Scientist》<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;" /><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">20世纪60年代末，来自加州大学旧金山分校的一群心理学家分头前往巴西、日本、婆罗洲和新几内亚，他们让当地的居民看一套照片。有些被试此前从未与外界有过接触，也从未见过照片。队长保罗·埃克曼后来回忆说：“我是他们见过的第一个外来者。”
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">埃克曼，摄于1958年<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">但是，这些照片对当地人来说，的确具有意义，这些照片呈现了六种基本情绪：快乐、悲伤、恐惧、愤怒、惊讶、厌恶/轻蔑。埃克曼的研究小组发现，每一位被试都能识别上述六种情绪，而无论他们的文化背景。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">六种基本情绪<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">这项研究于1969年发表在的《科学》杂志上，在心理学领域引起了巨大反响。该研究有力地支持了达尔文的观点，即，情绪表达对任何文化的人来说都是共通的，因为它们有共同的进化起源。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">打那以后，心理学家们持续不断的发表了数十项与微表情有关的研究，这些研究都为埃克曼发现提供了支持。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">除了基本的六种情绪（或七种，有时厌恶和轻蔑被分开对待）之外，现在，这套普遍存在的情绪还包括（表现为高姿态和挺起胸膛的）骄傲，以及（表现为头低垂、身体前屈的）羞耻。所有这些都支持了同一个观点，即，情绪表达是人脑先天固有的。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">固有反应<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">对天生失明、从未看见过情绪表达的群体进行的研究同样支持以上观点。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">一项针对2004年奥运会和残奥会柔道选手（包括天生失明或后天失明的）的研究发现，当选手赢了一回合后，所有选手的表情都是一样的。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">他们的表情是典型的“杜乡微笑”——笑容很灿烂，笑容会波及到眼睛和嘴巴——这是真实的情绪表达。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">社交信号<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">有些情绪表达，比如恐惧和厌恶，对于表达者来说有明显的生存益处。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">其他情绪表达的功能则比较神秘。心理学家正在研究快乐的微笑、愤怒的咆哮和愁眉苦脸潜在的功利性目的。可能这些情绪并没有功利性目的，仅仅是作为信号被演化出来。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">人类是社会性动物，需要进行沟通的面部表情是非常强大的交流方式，能够传达/接收那些对我们的祖先有利情绪状态。例如，表现出恐惧并从对方脸上辨认出恐惧，有助于双方对危险做出回应。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">根据这个设想，情绪表达一开始是进化生物学家所说的“线索”，这些线索揭示了内在的状态或行为的信息。但是人类进化出这些情绪表达，一开始并非是一种信号。而咀嚼是某人在吃东西的可靠信号。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">随着时间的推移，这些表达进化成了传递信息的明确信号。这个过程叫作“仪式化”。通过仪式化，情绪表达变得越来越夸张和明确，使非语言沟通更容易进行。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">情绪表达的早期进化阶段被称为扩展适应，即，某个特征起初是为一个目的进化出来，但后来被另外一个目的征用。这个过程或许能够解释为什么很难识别某些情绪表达的功能即，起初的目的早就被仪式化掩盖了。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">模棱两可的愤怒<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">如果你只是依赖面部表情，那么你就可能会严重误解他人的感受。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">网球运动员塞雷娜・威廉姆斯的一张照片是个非常好的例子。当你只能看到她的脸时，她好像在生气或感到痛苦。但如果你能同时看到她的身体一一重心在前脚，紧握的拳头在脸前方——很明显她心情不错。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: center; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">事实上，她刚刚击败了她的姐姐维纳斯，在贏得2008年美国网球公开赛冠军的道路上又前进了一步。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">支配和服从<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">另一种可能是，有些情绪表达自始至终只具有信号功能。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">自豪和羞耻等典型社会情绪很可能就属于这一类。这些情绪表达类似于其他灵长类动物的社会性支配和服从姿态，表明这种情绪表达是一种（传承自古老祖先的）与地位有关的信号。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">悖论是，面部表情彻底偏离了它一开始的功能，这就又产生了一种新的可能性，即，面部表情终究不是普遍的，这与与埃克曼的发现截然相反。换句话说，面部表情并不具有生物基础，而是文化习得的符号。我们习得的面部表情，是一种“肢体语言”，以此来表达情绪。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">面部表情和口头语言一样，在不同文化中即有共通之处，也存在差异。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">支持这一观点的证据表明，人们对某种情绪的辨识更多的取决于环境因素。现实世界中脸部几乎不会被自己看到。我们会注意到其他人的脸、姿势、声音，以及更广泛的环境，所有这些都会影响人们对表情的理解。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">例如，皱眉通常与愤怒相关，但如果这个人拿着肮脏的东西，就可能被认为表达的是厌恶，或者如果配上对危险的描述，就可能被认为是恐惧。同样，给同一表情分别标上“愤怒”、“惊讶”和“恐惧”，也会改变人们对它的理解。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">文化差异<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">情绪表达也可能因文化背景而不同。中国人对看到的情绪表达图片的分类就和欧洲人不同。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">如果情绪表达并不是普遍的，那意味着什么？埃克曼的研究经常被当作我们掌握普遍人性的最好证据之一提出来。也许在更深的层面，我们都是不同的，而且这些不同就写在我们脸上。文章转载自心理学空间