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舞动中的灵性

<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">舞动中的灵性<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">台湾舞蹈治疗研究协会<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">文化大学推广教育部讲师<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">姜爱玲<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">我在 2004 年夏季前往加拿大卡加利进修舞蹈治疗。课程一开始,首先登场的是「疗愈的神圣舞蹈」(Sacred Dance for Healing)周末工作坊,探讨灵性舞蹈与身心疗愈的交互关系,是我以前从未接触过的课程。来自西雅图(Seattle)热情洋溢的宗教舞者暨动作治疗师 Betsey 非常成功地带领这个工作坊,不仅让我们了解身心灵密不可分的关联,更让我们在三天之内就像姊妹般互相连结。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">神圣的舞蹈<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">提到神圣舞蹈(Sacred Dance),可能有人会连想到基督教会的礼拜仪式舞蹈(Liturgical Dance)、手舞足蹈的哈林唱诗班(Boys Choir of Harlem)、源于中亚隐僻深山古老僧院中的神圣舞蹈—葛吉夫动作(Gurdjieff Movement,是由神秘学大师葛吉夫整理而成的神圣舞蹈,以系统化的动作修炼身心)、中东地区的回教旋转苏菲舞(Mevlevi Sufi Round Dance),或是西藏寺院僧侣所表演的极为美丽、代表各个内在禅定阶段的舞蹈,也有人认为只要是为了庆祝或祈神所呈现的舞蹈,无论其属于哪个宗教派别,皆可称为神圣舞蹈。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">关于神圣舞蹈,专研女性之舞的美国舞蹈教师艾瑞丝.史都华(Iris J. Stewart)在《神圣女性,神圣舞蹈:由动作与仪式唤醒灵性》(Sacred Woman, Sacred Dance: Awakening Spirituality through Movement and Ritual)一书中提到:<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">舞蹈是神圣的,是一种存于我们的内在、优雅且自然的状态。舞蹈成为神圣的表达形式,是重新整合身心灵的语汇。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">舞蹈动作之美传达出神圣的典范。在神圣舞蹈中,带着韵律的能量就是延绵不绝的生命之舞,舞者与观者在其中发现、体验到了蕴含于大自然中的灵性,也在舞动与观赏中为此灵性所启发。舞蹈激发了愉悦的心情,也就是 Mevlevi Sufi 所说的 hadrah 或「存在」(the presence),「每一步都将我们提升到一个灵性上全新的自由境界,迈向无上喜悦之境(ecstasy,即宗教上的狂喜或入迷状态)……。」<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">舞蹈与仪式创造了社群,以情感与肢体动作将人们聚集起来,一同感受特殊的亲密感及共享尽情抒发、解放的愉悦。在群体参与的情境之下,每一位成员都是平等的……。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">以圣经为例<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">米芮恩(Miriam)可说是圣经中的舞蹈精灵。根据圣经记载,米芮恩是先知摩西(Moses)的姊姊,据说摩西尚在褓襁时得了重病,米芮恩不仅对他关怀备至,甚至说服法老王的女儿为他找了一位希伯来(Hebrew)护士,因此在基督教的传统当中,都将米芮恩视为摩西的救命恩人。也因为如此,摩西才得以在日后成为传递神旨的先知,带领以色列人逃离让他们备受迫害的埃及,来到上帝应许给先知亚伯拉罕(Abraham)的土地上定居。这段故事就是旧约圣经(The Old Testament)中的《出埃及记》(The Exodus)。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">根据圣经记载,米芮恩是一位女性先知,接受上帝的召唤为祂传递神旨,于是她就以吟唱、音乐演奏及舞蹈的方式为人们带来神的讯息。在摩西带领以色列人越过红海(The Red Sea)出走埃及之后,米芮恩就带领着以色列妇女唱歌跳舞,歌颂着以色列的解放与胜利,这就是《出埃及记》(Exodus 15)中所记载的《米芮恩之歌》(The Song of Miriam),与《士师记》(Judges 5)中的《德博拉之歌》(The Song of Deborah)、《塞缪尔记上》(I Samuel 2)中的《汉纳之歌》(The Song of Hannah)并列旧约圣经中最伟大的三首解放之歌(Song of Deliverance)。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">另一位善用表达艺术的圣经人物是戴维(David)。戴维是古时以色列联合王国的第三任国王,在以色列所有的古籍中,他经常被描述成最具正义感且能文擅武的君王,是一位杰出的战将、诗人及音乐家,而根据圣经记载,耶稣基督(Jesus Christ)就是戴维王的后裔。有一天,上帝派遣塞缪尔到伯利恒(Bethlehem,为耶稣诞生之地),来到戴维的家中将他膏立为以色列未来的君王。在这段期间,戴维深受神灵的感动,于是就在被推荐服侍扫罗王(Saul,以色列联合王国首任君主)时,藉由弹琴驱赶扫罗身上的恶魔。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">后来,当戴维成为以色列的君王时,曾带领人民用音乐和舞蹈迎接方舟的到来。当他步入老年之后,已不复壮年时期的饶勇善战,但是他却幸运地受到一位好心的舒曼妮提(Shumanite)女子的照顾。这名女子用照护的触抚为年迈的戴维带来安慰及温暖,而人与人之间诸如握手、拥抱、搀扶等互动,确实能为身体虚弱的长者带来生命活力。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">除了上述的圣经人物之外,耶稣本人也经常运用肢体语言进行疗愈。在圣经中,曾不止一次出现耶稣以安抚人心的话语、肢体动作及手的触碰,为信众们进行身体、心理及灵性的疗愈,而他也曾与门徒以歌舞表达获得救赎(salvation)的喜乐。将时空转换到今日,舞蹈治疗师亦使用动作、肢体触碰(在必要且征得个案同意的状况下)及言语进行治疗,颇有古今呼应之妙。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">另外,如果您有机会亲眼目睹古老的教会建筑平面图,就会发现整体的空间设计是环形(circular)的。在做礼拜的时候,信众会列队唱着圣歌,在舞动中行进,透过「全身总动员」的宗教仪式呈现灵性中的真理,例如 triumvium step 即为一种特殊的基督教舞蹈仪式,由一千三百位牧师一同跳着向后三步、向前两步的舞步,是拥有具体形式的灵性之舞。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">神圣舞蹈 vs. 舞蹈治疗<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">最广泛运用神圣舞蹈及灵性导向舞蹈治疗的区域,首推以色列与澳洲。以澳洲为例,我所就读的韦斯利宗教暨艺术学院(Wesley Institute of Ministry & the Arts)是一所教会学校,也是纽澳地区极少数提供舞蹈/动作治疗专业课程的教育机构。该校的舞蹈治疗课程隶属舞蹈所,舞疗研究生也必须修满两门「疗愈的神圣舞蹈」(Sacred Dance for Healing)才能毕业。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">韦斯利的教职员及学生多为基督徒或天主教徒,但该校并未要求入学者必须是教徒,所以拥有任何宗教背景甚或无特定信仰者,皆可申请入学,而澳洲舞蹈治疗协会(Dance Therapy Association of Australia,简称 DTAA)或许是全球拥有最多基督徒舞蹈治疗师的舞蹈治疗专业协会。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">在课程或疗程中,教师或舞蹈治疗师并不会教导班级或团体成员某种特定的神圣舞蹈,尤其是在疗程中,并非所有的个案都和舞疗师拥有相同的宗教信仰。这时,舞疗师会将其信仰的「精神」带入治疗中,引导个案透过动作「发现」自己的身心(视状况进入灵性层面),让身心(灵)产生连接,协助个案逐步成为完整的「一体」,只因灵性就是内在深层的觉知力。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">相较于所谓的主流学派,澳洲在心理治疗及舞蹈治疗的发展可说是非常「另类」,例如以后现代主义解构形式为出发点的叙事治疗(Narrative Therapy)即源于澳洲,或许是因为澳洲没有历史包袱,反而更能在身心领域上自由挥洒。<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">参考书目<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">Beckman, B. (1990). The dancing word: Miriam and Mary. Study guide.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">Bridges, L. (2004). Survey of dance / movement therapy pioneers. Lecture outlines.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">Stewart, I. J. (2000). Sacred woman, sacred dance: Awakening spirituality through movement and ritual. Rochester: Inner Traditions.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; line-height: 32px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Lantinghei SC", "Helvetica Neue", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "Songti TC", 宋体, Arial, sans-serif, "Heiti SC", Tahoma; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;">Revel, J.-F. & Ricard, M./着,赖声川/译(1999),《僧侣与哲学家—父子对谈生命意义》,台北:先觉出版社。文章转载自心理学空间。

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